Zappos Case free essay sample

Conversation Questions: 1. What is the matter of Zappos and what are its basic achievement factors (CSF’s)? [lists] Business: The matter of Zappos is to sell shoes on the web, and give relative client assistance. Basic Success Factors: - The soul of experience - Best client care - Use of Information and Technology - Unique approach to keep the laborers - The spread of the business culture 2. It would be ideal if you complete the accompanying table. Recognize the key data frameworks and the related IT foundation speculations that empower Zappos’ center business forms: Core Business Process Data Systems IT Infrastructure provider the executives [an model reaction is connected; don't hesitate to add to, change or erase this model and make your own response] client orders handling framework client returns preparing framework acquisition framework on the web, eCommerce Platform on the web, eCommerce Platform provider extranet deals/request preparing Client orders preparing framework On the web, eCommerce Platform request satisfaction and dissemination Acquisition framework Client orders Processing framework Following framework Acquisition framework On the web, eCommerce Platform On the web flexibly chain the board coordinations and warehousing Obtainment framework Provider extranet client overhauling Client orders handling framework Client returns handling framework On the web, eCommerce stage On the web, eCommerce stage HR the executives The board framework On the web money related administration Bookkeeping and Financing framework On the web 3. In what ways does the structure of Zappos’ Web website and related administrations bolster its business goals? [list] Zappos held onto Twitter as a significant instrument for building organization culture. In the interim, Twitter is utilized to make an increasingly intelligent client network. Zappos additionally utilized web journals to interface with clients. Those sites are partitioned by a few sections for visiting the sites in a simple manner. 4. For what reason did it bode well for Amazon to procure Zappos? What ability as far as data the executives and its utilization did Amazon bring to the game that may improve Zappos’ eCommerce intensity? [lists] Zappos has earned more income step by step, which implies it has a great deal of development potential. Zappos fabricated a positive business culture, which is extremely effective for its business. Zappos is claiming a solid working group Amazon has a full grown administration data framework, which could help Zappos to contribute the entire business Amazon has a solid commitment on contributing the distribution center or the capacity, which could give Zappos an increasingly serious capacity in the market.

Calling vs Phoning free essay sample

Jane Beard and Jeffrey Davis didnt acknowledge how little they address their kids by telephone until they called AT;T to switch plans. The client care specialist was short of breath. The Silver Spring couple had aggregated 28,700 unused minutes. None of the children get back to us! They won't get back to you, said Beard, a previous entertainer who with her better half mentors business pioneers on open talking. An age of messaging, trailed by a blast in messaging, has driven the phone discussion into genuine decay, making new strains between children of post war America and recent college grads those in their teenagers, 20s and mid 30s.Nearly all age bunches are investing less energy chatting on the telephone; boomers in their mid-50s and mid 60s are the main ones despite everything yakking as they did when Ma Bell was Americas interchanges sovereign. In any case, the fall of the call is driven by 18-to 34-year-olds, whose normal month to month voice minutes have plunged from around 1,200 to 900 in the previous two years, as indicated by investigate by Nielsen. We will compose a custom article test on Calling versus Phoning or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Messaging among 18-to 24-year-olds has dramatically increased in a similar period, from a normal of 600 messages per month two years prior to in excess of 1,400 writings every month, as per Nielsen.Young individuals state they maintain a strategic distance from voice calls in light of the fact that the instantaneousness of a call strips them of the control that they have over the apparently less-cozy delights of messaging, messaging, Facebooking or tweeting. They even whine that calls are by their temperament discourteous, a greater amount of an interference than the blip of a showing up content. Kevin Loker, 20, a rising junior at George Mason University, said he and his school companions seldom simply call somebody, inspired by a paranoid fear of being viewed as impolite or intrusive.First, they content to make an arrangement to talk. Theyll compose, Can I call you at such-and-such time? said Loker, official proofreader of Connect2Mason. com, an understudy media site. Individuals need to be considerate. I have an inclination that, when all is said in done, individuals my age are not as sharp witted to simply chat on the telephone. The predisposition against unforeseen calls stems in great part from the way messaging and email have molded youngsters to be mindful about how they impart when they are not eye to eye, specialists state. Deborah Tannen, a phonetics teacher at Georgetown University who concentrates how individuals talk in regular day to day existence, said more seasoned ages confound the manner in which more youthful individuals utilize their cellphones. One understudy revealed to me that it takes her days to get back to her folks and the guardians thought she was purposefully putting them off, she said. Be that as it may, the guardians didnt get it. Its the medium. With messages, youre at the PC, composing a paper. With calls, its a devoted square of time. Tannen, 65, stresses that messaging may fall casualty one day to a similar disregard that calls presently face. Her ages emotions, she stated, are flawlessly caught in an ongoing New Yorker magazine animation that shows two more seasoned, thinning up top men sitting at a bar. The subtitle peruses: I used to call individuals, at that point I got into messaging, at that point messaging, and now I simply disregard everybody. Ethan Seidel, rabbi of Tifereth Israel gathering place in the District, cannot get a considerable lot of his believers more youthful than 35 on the telephone.Seidel, 52, frequently welcomes youthful, new individuals to his familys home for welcome meals, yet his signal over and over again doesnt even legitimacy bring gets back to. One part appeared to be just somewhat remorseful for not restoring the call, Seidel said. I was amazed by that. They state, I never pick up the telephone any longer. One of Seidels attendees, Lianna Levine Reisner, 26, an improvement executive at a charitable gathering, said her companions have telephone issue of their own about their older folks. My folks call and leave phone messages. They do that a ton, she said. I may tune in and acknowledge theyre not saying something besides simply, Call me. I am a sorry telephone talker. Not exclusively are individuals making less calls, however they are additionally having shorter discussions when they do call. The normal length of a cellphone call has dropped from 2. 38 minutes in 1993 to 1. 81 minutes in 2009, as indicated by industry information. Also, somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2009, as the quantity of minutes individuals spent chatting on cellphones crawled up, the quantity of cellphone messages containing content or mixed media content swelled by 1,840 percent. Land lines are disappearing.Verizon, the countries second-biggest land line bearer behind ATT, says its hard-wired telephone associations have dropped from 50 million out of 2005 to 31 million this year. Heres the issue: We dont need to chat with one another more often than not, said Naomi Baron, an American University semantics educator who distributed a paper in June called Control Freaks, dismembering how Americans impart on the web and on cell phones. In an exceptionally significant manner, our lives changed when the remote control was first presented: You didnt need to watch what you didnt need to watch. The distinction in interchanges inclinations has made a discernable observation hole between youthful grown-ups and their folks. Whiskers said that when her niece, Lindsay Spencer, 20, is in classes at the University of Maryland, Ill never get notification from her until she approaches do the clothing. We message on various occasions a day. Else, I wouldnt understand [whats going on] in her life. Spencer, who was raised by Beard and Davis, said Beards discernment is slanted. I think I call her more than I message, she said in an uncommon telephone interview.But Beard is understanding about the adjustment in methods of bantering. Guardians resemble, Theyre controlling who they converse with, she stated, yet so did we when we screened individuals with replying mail. Not all guardians are very that open to new ways. My mother gets affronted, said Muggaga Kintu, 32, a clerical specialist at Walter Reed Army Medical Center who inclines toward messaging or approaching his own time, when hes not around patients. She thinks I dont need to get notification from her, and that is not the case.The other day, she called me when I was grinding away, and I advised her, Instead of calling me, can you message me? She stated, What? You dont like to get notification from me? You dont like the sound of my voice. Reisner said her folks barge in on her day with questions they esteem pressing however in her world are definitely not. My father calls getting some information about the subtleties of my itinerary items, and theyre not in my mind, theyre in some email, so I state, I will email you everything, she said. I realize my folks are offended.Ive asked my mother not to call me during the workday if its equitable to talk. We went to an understanding. I realize she felt terrible. She needed to feel associated with me. Noting a call requires a specific measure of mental vitality, she said. I put it off in light of the fact that theres something angry about somebody calling you, she said. You need to prepare for it. Now and then Reisner gets calls from other gathering place individuals requesting that her interpretation of positions of authority, yet the calls go directly to voice mail.She wishes that she could react by email. That way, in evident Washington style, she could align a progressively cautious reaction as opposed to being called out. At Tifereth Israel, the winding down notoriety of calls has become such a questionable issue, that Seidel shot a paper in the temples April release, regretting that nobody gets back to him any longer. Around 10 individuals, he stated, hadnt restored his calls so far this year. Innovation, he said in a genuine call, was weakening his rabbinical status.

Food Is Not Entertainment

Food Is Not Entertainment Food is not entertainment. These four words helped me change my dietary mindsetâ€"which helped me change my eating habits, which helped me drop from 240 pounds to 160 pounds in two-and-a-half years. Fat to thin, unhealthy to healthy, flabby to fit. Accordingly, I no longer treat food as entertainment; rather, food is meant to nourish: food is fuel, plain and simple. That doesn’t mean I don’t enjoy food, thoughâ€"I enjoy it immensely: I eat with friends. I share meals with loved ones. I drink coffee with strangers. The difference is I don’t turn to food to entertain me, to comfort me, or to “get me through tough times.” I turn to food to power my body, to make me feel great, to keep me healthy (I haven’t been sick in yearsâ€"not even a common cold). These things come first, and then I’m free to enjoy each meal. Expanded thoughts: A Minimalists Thoughts on Diet.

The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe Essay - 1487 Words

Throughout the life of Edgar Allan Poe, he suffered many unfortunate events and endured several difficult situations. Some speculate that it was these experiences that helped to formulate the famous writing style of Edgar Allan Poe. His dark tales such as The Masque of the Red Death and The Tell-Tale Heart are horrific, and his poems such as Alone and The Raven show evidence that his life experiences influenced their dreariness. Poes story plots and his own life are undeniably related and this relationship is intricately defined in many of his works. Poe lived in poverty all of his life, never seeing enough money from his writings to allow him to live comfortably, and never seeing his writing arrive at the famed status that†¦show more content†¦Though he was not close with his father, he was very attached to his mother who died presumably of some illness such as pneumonia or tuberculosis. After the loss of both of his parents, Edgar and his brother and sister were split up into separate foster homes. Edgars foster father, Johnny Allan gave Edgar the middle name Allan, and not much more. This is one of many times in Edgars life when he felt truly alone. As he grew up his foster parents sent him to private schools, moved him to England and to Baltimore, and eventually sent him to the University of Virginia. It was around this time that Edgar finally separated himself from his foster father who meant so little to him. When Edgar was at school he became actively involved in drinking, drugs and gambling. His foster father re fused to help him pay his debts, so Edgar left his foster parents and went to find his family ( E. A. Poe Society of Baltimore Inc. Poe Chronology 1-4). Edgars poem, Alone, expresses his feelings of complete loneliness at this time in his life. The poem starts off, From childhoods hour I have not been as others were- . . .. This illustrates Poes trouble as a child, and his struggles through a time that most people are carefree and happy. The poem goes on to say . . . Then - in my childhood - in the dawn/Of a most stormy life - . . .. This is a foreshadow into Poes future that we now know will be even worse than his childhood. These two lines express how although EdgarShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay550 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poes style of writing is typical of the styles of writing during the Age of Romanticism. His poems and short stories were heavily influenced by his life experiences from a young boy to a well renowned writer. He lived his li fe in poverty, moving from one job to the other and from city to city, yet he is still one of the most widely read American authors today. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. Poes home life was very unstable. His father, DavidRead More Edgar Allan Poe: Life and Works Essay2848 Words   |  12 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edgar Allan Poe was a literary genius of his time. His works may seem eccentric but beneath the words and stories lies a solemn, alone boy whose only way of comfort and relief was through his pen. Of the critical reviews I have studied pertaining to Poe, never has such a varied difference of opinions been presented or suggested towards a writer. It is thought that his life had a major influence on his writing and by reading many of his pieces I agree with that statement. Edgar Poe was bornRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe: His Life and Works705 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poe was born in Massachusetts in 1809 and was orphaned by the time by the age of 2 (Fisher ix). Edgar lived with his godparents, and excelled in school but he had an irascible temper and was prone to alcoholism (Fisher vi). He first began his writing career by entering several â€Å"fiction contests† that was being held by newspapers in New England, and went on to write and publish 1 novel, and several short stories and poems (Fisher vii). He married his 14 year old cousin in 1836 and supportedRead MoreEssay about The Work and Life of Edgar Allan Poe1994 Words   |  8 PagesA bit of Edgar Allan Poes life had been molded into each piece of his work. This provided his readers and critics with a better understanding of Poes life. Poe displayed his greatest lifes achievements and his worst disappointments in a series of stories and poems created throughout his whole life. It is the goal of this research paper to reveal symbolic facts about Poe?s life and define these hidden parallels in some of his most famous works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809Read More The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were traveling actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810. Elizabeth Hopkins Poe died in 1811, leaving three children. Edgar was taken into the home of a merchant from Richmond named John Allan. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poes brother William died young and sister Rosalie later became insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said:Read MoreEdgar Allan Poe : His Life Influenced His Work1093 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe: How His Life Influenced His Work Edgar Allan Poe was an American author known for his works of depression and misfortune. Throughout his lifetime, Poe would never gain fame. It was only after his death that the true genius of Edgar Allan Poe was discovered. Poe frequently used his life occurrences—as terrible as they were—to influence his writings. It is through his writings that one can delve into the mind of Edgar Allan Poe and discover how his life truly was. Edgar Allan PoeRead MoreBrianna Ruiz-Vannerson. Leonard Miller. Enc1102. Feb. 231548 Words   |  7 PagesMiller ENC1102 Feb. 23 2017 The Compelling Mind of Edgar Allan Poe Through: â€Å"Lenore† and â€Å"The Raven† Throughout the life of esteemed author Edgar Allan Poe, there have been many time that this extraordinary man’s life has been turned upside down with grief. His first encounter with this wretched demon was when he was no older than three years of age. The mother who birthed him dies and his father abandons them before her death (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†). He then is separated from his brother and sisterRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe; Fame Inspired by a Tragic Life865 Words   |  4 Pagespoet, Edgar Allan Poe, had been plagued by grief from an early age. He was an amazing poet and author who just happened to have a darker story. Many who have studied this prestigious man feel that his works, though magnificent, were extremely dark. Some believe it was nothing more then a fancy for him to spin such gruesome tales. Others feel his work was manipulated by the misfortune of his past. These people have actually found evidence that agrees with this statement. The works of Edgar Alla n PoeRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper1195 Words   |  5 Pagesand Comp 1 2 December 2010 Edgar Allan Poe His works and life relating to â€Å"Annabel Lee† [pic] Many poets and story writers write their stories based upon events and aspects of their life. They do this because it is so relatable and easy to write about because there is some truth in the words. Edgar Allan Poe is said to be one of these because his stories actually relate to his tragic, love stricken life. He is known to lead an overall depressing life that was full of loss and griefRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Fall Of The House Of Usher 896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an extremely well known American writer and is famous for his horrific and mysterious works such as, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts in an era that seems to have many dark and ominous writers and pieces of literature originating from that time period. Poe is said to have launched the interest in many of the detective type stories that we read from modern day writers. â€Å"In the early 1800s, romanticism was the dominant

Effect of Monetary Policy in Nigeria - 5936 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.4 Research Question 1.5 Research Hypothesis 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Scope of the study 1.8 Organization of the study 1.9 Definition of terms. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical framework 2.2 Concept of monetary policy 2.3 Instrument of monetary policy 2.4 Monetary policy and inflation control 2.5 Problems associated with inflation control CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design 3.2 Sources of data collection 3.3 Method of Data collection 3.4 Technique of Data†¦show more content†¦The direct monetary control measures used after the deregulation era were adopted, yet the effectiveness of these various control approaches has been undermined by some inherent problems. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Relative price stability is one of the main goals of monetary policy. Stable price level should be able to stimulate economic growth and development. It is in recognition of this that government at all times design appropriate measures as well as monetary institution with authority to formulate and implement policies aim at maintaining stable price level so as to achieve set macroeconomic objectives. The central bank of Nigeria is the apex monetary authority that formulates and implements monetary policy in Nigeria aim at achieving stable price. Given the number of years the central bank had been in existence and of numerous monetary policy measures, one will expect that domestic price could have been relatively stable. However, inflation has continued recently to be a leading topic in Nigeria families and press as its effect penetrate more deeply into the nations despite monetary policy measure by the relevant monetary authorities hence the need of this study of determine the effe ct of monetary policy on the control of inflation in Nigeria. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The basic objectives of this study is toShow MoreRelatedEffect of Monetary Policy in Banking Industry in Nigeria1068 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 AREA OF STUDY The area of study o this research work is to determine the effect of monetary policy on the performance of banks in Nigeria. This study will cover all the commercial banks that have been in existence since 1975-2004. More so, the aggregates rate is used in assessing their performance. 3.2 METHOD OF INVESTIGATION/SOURCE OF INFORMATION According to Asika (2002), research work can be defined as the restructuring of investigation aimed at identifyingRead MoreThe Effect Of Macroeconomic Indicators On Economic Growth On A Petrol Dollar Economy Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesTHE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN A PETROL-DOLLAR ECONOMY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE 1. Introduction The Central Bank of Nigeria Act of 1958(CBN) vested the monetary policy powers of economic stability on the apex regulatory bank (CBN).Since our independence in 1960,CBN has operated a fixed exchange regime which was at various times was at par with the British pounds and later the United States Dollar. This exchange rate regime was operated in additionRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Regional Trading Blocs Such As The Eu1446 Words   |  6 Pagesstages of economic integration. A political union represents the potentially most advanced type of integration with a common government and is only found in nation states. An Economic and monetary union, which is the type that the EU falls under, involves a one shared economic market, a mutual trade and monetary policy and a single currency. A common market, occurs when the member countries are able to trade freely in all economic resources. It technically means that all the barriers to trade in servicesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment On Growth1553 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Three ultimate macroeconomic goals which every government strives to achieve in order to ensure sound macroeconomic policy are maintenance of relative stability in domestic prices, attainment of a high rate of employment or full employment and achievement of a high rapid and sustainable economic growth. The relationship between inflation and unemployment on growth remains a controversial one in both theory and empirical findings. Originating from the LatinRead MoreForeign Direct Investment in Nigeria751 Words   |  4 PagesWeltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 116, pp. 739-773 Akinlo, A.E. 2004. Foreign direct investment and growth in Nigeria: An empirical investigation. Journal of Policy Modelling, 26: 627-39. Aliber, Robert Z. The Multinational Enterprise in a Multiple Currency World. In The Multinational Enterprise, ed. John H. Dunning. London: Allen Unwin, 1971. Aluko, S.A. (1961). Financing economic development in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 3(1): 39-67. Bengos, M. and B. Sanchez-RoblesRead MoreCurrency Devaluation And Fuel Subsidy Removal1185 Words   |  5 PagesCurrency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal are policies that are phenomena to the Nigerian economic environment. This research study identifies that the implementation of the policies has further caused more challenges in the pursuit for economic development than remedy to alleviate the crisis. From the research questions of this research study, was the questionnaire developed aimed at prying into currency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal for Nigeria’s economic development. The use of questionnairesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of The European Union1123 Words   |  5 Pagesshowing that it is the best model of world integration has been achieved. We can not talk about economic integration or European Monetary System without speaking of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is defined as: Economic integration process whose ultimate goal was the creation of a single currency, the euro, and a single central bank (rector of economic and monetary policy) within the European Union (EU)†. The European Union has been insistent is the highest expression of regional integration thatRead MoreGdc Case Study1044 Words   |  5 PagesDiscos are putting together a position, I will respond to it when I see it, but NERC is now responsible for giving effect to that programme. I also received representation from steel companies who have expressed interests to participate, as indeed, I have also received representation from a generating company that currently have six megawatts of stranded power because there was no policy that allowed it to pass the power to users. This same company sent me letters from six different companies, all askingRead MoreThe Business Environment Of Nigeria And Norway Essay2728 Words   |  11 Pages2010a).In this paper, we will compare the business environment of two countries namely: Nigeria and Norway. The reason for choosing these two countries include the fact that both are part of the top ten net oil-exporting nations for which hydrocarbon exports account for more than 40% of total exports. We will compare and contrast the fiscal policy of both countries and the business environment.Overview of Nigeria and NorwayLet give a quick fact summary of these two countries:NigeriaNorwayPopulation169Read MoreThe Effect of Macro Economic Policy on Nigerian Economics Growth and Development6051 Words   |  25 PagesTHE EFFECT OF MACRO ECONOMIC POLICY ON NIGERIAN ECONOMICS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACT This research work focus on the appraisal of Macroeconomic Policy on Inflation in Nigerian Economy, also to determine how it enhances the growth of Nigerian Economy. The aim of this research work is to look into challenges and numbers of hypothesis were drawn. Information necessary to address the test of hypothesis was gathered through secondary data, source from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Economic analysis

Frostbite Chapter 13 Free Essays

string(55) " see the wheels of speculation turning in their heads\." Thirteen PEOPLE STOOD UP AND SHOUTED, everyone wanting their opinion to be heard. As it was, most of them held the same view: Tasha was wrong. They told her she was crazy. We will write a custom essay sample on Frostbite Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now They told her that in sending out Moroi and dhampirs to fight the Strigoi, she’d be expediting the extinction of both races. They even had the nerve to suggest that that was Tasha’s plan all along- that she was somehow collaborating with the Strigoi in all of this. Dimitri stood up, disgust all over his features as he surveyed the chaos. â€Å"You might as well leave. Nothing useful’s going to happen now.† Mason and I rose, but he shook his head when I started to follow Dimitri out. â€Å"You go on,† said Mason. â€Å"I want to check something out.† I glanced at the standing, arguing people. I shrugged. â€Å"Good luck.† I couldn’t believe it had only been a few days since I’d spoken to Dimitri. Stepping out into the hall with him, I felt like it’d been years. Being with Mason these last couple of days had been fantastic, but seeing Dimitri again, all of my old feelings for him came rushing back. Suddenly, Mason seemed like a child. My distress over the Tasha situation also came back, and stupid words fell out of my mouth before I could stop them. â€Å"Shouldn’t you be in there protecting Tasha?† I asked. â€Å"Before the mob gets her? She’s going to get in big trouble for using magic like that.† He raised an eyebrow. â€Å"She can take care of herself.† â€Å"Yeah, yeah, because she’s a badass karate magic user. I get all that. I just figured since you’re going to be her guardian and all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Where did you hear that?† â€Å"I have my sources.† Somehow, saying I’d heard it from my mom sounded less cool. â€Å"You’ve decided to, right? I mean, it sounds like a good deal, seeing as she’s going to give you fringe benefits†¦.† He gave me a level look. â€Å"What happens between her and me is none of your business,† he replied crisply. The words between her and me stung. It sounded like he and Tasha were a done deal. And, as often happened when I was hurt, my temper and attitude took over. â€Å"Well, I’m sure you guys’ll be happy together. She’s just your type, too- I know how much you like women who aren’t your own age. I mean, she’s what, six years older than you? Seven? And I’m seven years younger than you.† â€Å"Yes,† he said after several moments of silence. â€Å"You are. And every second this conversation goes on, you only prove how young you really are.† Whoa. My jaw almost hit the floor. Not even my mother punching me had hurt as badly as that. For a heartbeat, I thought I saw regret in his eyes, like he too realized just how harsh his words had been. But the moment passed, and his expression was hard once more. â€Å"Little dhampir,† a voice suddenly said nearby. Slowly, still stunned, I turned toward Adrian Ivashkov. He grinned at me and gave a brief nod of acknowledgment to Dimitri. I suspected my face was bright red. How much had Adrian heard? He held up his hands in a casual gesture. â€Å"I don’t want to interrupt or anything. Just wanted to talk to you when you have time.† I wanted to tell Adrian I didn’t have time to play whatever game he was into now, but Dimitri’s words still smarted. He was looking at Adrian now in a very disapproving way. I suspected he, like everyone else, had heard about Adrian’s bad reputation. Good, I thought. I suddenly wanted him to be jealous. I wanted to hurt him as much as he’d hurt me lately. Swallowing my pain, I unearthed my man-eating smile, one I hadn’t used to full effect in sometime. I walked over to Adrian and put a hand on his arm. â€Å"I’ve got time now.† I gave a nod of my own to Dimitri and steered Adrian away, walking close to him. â€Å"See you later, Guardian Belikov.† Dimitri’s dark eyes followed us stonily. Then I turned away and didn’t look back. â€Å"Not into older guys, huh?† asked Adrian once we were alone. â€Å"You’re imagining things,† I said. â€Å"Clearly, my stunning beauty has clouded your mind.† He laughed that nice laugh of his. â€Å"That’s entirely possible.† I started to step back, but he tossed an arm around me. â€Å"No, no, you wanted to play chummy with me- now you’ve got to see it through.† I rolled my eyes at him and let the arm stay. I could smell alcohol on him as well as the perpetual smell of cloves. I wondered if he was drunk now. I had the feeling that there was probably little difference between his attitudes drunk or sober. â€Å"What do you want?† I asked. He studied me for a moment. â€Å"I want you to grab Vasilisa and come with me. We’re going to have some fun. You’ll probably want a swimsuit too.† He seemed disappointed by the admission of this. â€Å"Unless you want to go naked.† â€Å"What? A bunch of Moroi and dhampirs just got slaughtered, and you want to go swimming and ‘have fun’?† â€Å"It’s not just swimming,† he said patiently. â€Å"Besides, that slaughter is exactly why you should go do this.† Before I could argue that, I saw my friends round the corner: Lissa, Mason, and Christian. Eddie Castile was with the group, which shouldn’t have surprised me, but Mia was as well- which certainly did surprise me. They were deep in conversation, though they all stopped talking when they saw me. â€Å"There you are,† said Lissa, a puzzled look on her face. I remembered Adrian’s arm was still around me. I stepped out of it. â€Å"Hey, guys,† I said. A moment of awkwardness hung around us, and I was pretty sure I heard a low chuckle from Adrian. I beamed at him and then my friends. â€Å"Adrian invited us to go swimming.† They stared at me in surprise, and I could almost see the wheels of speculation turning in their heads. You read "Frostbite Chapter 13" in category "Essay examples" Mason’s face darkened a little, but like the others, he said nothing. I stifled a groan. Adrian took me inviting the others to his secret interlude pretty well. With his easygoing attitude, I hadn’t really expected anything else. Once we had swimsuits, we followed his directions to a doorway in one of the far wings of the lodge. It held a staircase that led down- and down and down. I nearly got dizzy as we wound around and around. Electric lights hung in the walls, but as we went farther, the painted walls changed to carved stone. When we reached our destination, we discovered Adrian had been right- it wasn’t just swimming. We were in a special spa area of the resort, one used only for the most elite Moroi. In this case, it was reserved for a bunch of royals I assumed were Adrian’s friends. There were about thirty others, all his age or older, who bore the marks of wealth and elitism. The spa consisted of a series of hot mineral pools. Maybe once they’d been in a cave or something, but the lodge builders had long since gotten rid of any sort of rustic surroundings. The black stone walls and ceiling were as polished and beautiful as anything else in the resort. It was like being in a cave- a really nice, designer cave. Racks of towels lined the walls, as did tables full of exotic food. The baths matched the rest of the room’s hewn-out d? ¦cor: stone-lined pools containing hot water that was heated from some underground source. Steam filled the room, and a faint, metallic smell hung in the air. Sounds of partygoers laughing and splashing echoed around us. â€Å"Why is Mia with you?† I asked Lissa softly. We were winding our way through the room, looking for a pool that wasn’t occupied. â€Å"She was talking to Mason when we were getting ready to leave,† she returned. She kept her voice just as quiet. â€Å"It seemed mean to just†¦ I don’t know †¦ leave her †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even I agreed with that. Obvious signs of grief were written all over her face, but Mia seemed at least momentarily distracted by whatever Mason was telling her. â€Å"I thought you didn’t know Adrian,† Lissa added. Disapproval hung in her voice and in the bond. We finally found a large pool, a little out of the way. A guy and a girl were on the opposite side, all over each other, but there was plenty of room for the rest of us. They were easy to ignore. I put a foot into the water and pulled it back immediately. â€Å"I don’t,† I told her. Cautiously, I inched the foot back in, slowly followed by the rest of my body. When I got to my stomach, I grimaced. I had on a maroon bikini, and the scalding water caught my stomach by surprise. â€Å"You must know him a little. He invited you to a party.† â€Å"Yeah, but do you see him with us now?† She followed my gaze. Adrian stood on the far side of the room with a group of girls in bikinis much smaller than mine. One was a Betsey Johnson suit I’d seen in a magazine and coveted. I sighed and looked away. We’d all slipped into the water by then. It was so hot I felt like I was in a soup kettle. Now that Lissa seemed convinced of my innocence with Adrian, I tuned into the others’ discussion. â€Å"What are you talking about?† I interrupted. It was easier than listening and figuring it out myself. â€Å"The meeting,† said Mason excitedly. Apparently, he’d gotten over seeing me and Adrian together. Christian had settled onto a small shelf in the pool. Lissa curled up beside him. Putting a proprietary arm around her, he tipped his back so it rested on the edge. â€Å"Your boyfriend wants to lead an army against the Strigoi,† he told me. I could tell he was saying it to provoke me. I looked at Mason questioningly. It wasn’t worth the effort to challenge the â€Å"boyfriend† comment. â€Å"Hey, it was your aunt who suggested it,† Mason reminded Christian. â€Å"She only said we should find the Strigoi before they find us again,† countered Christian. â€Å"She wasn’t pushing for novices fighting. That was Monica Szelsky.† A waitress came by then with a tray of pink drinks. These were in elegant, long-stemmed crystal glasses with sugared rims. I had a strong suspicion the drinks were alcoholic, but I doubted anyone who made it into this party was going to get carded. I had no idea what they were. Most of my experiences with alcohol had involved cheap beer. I took a glass and turned back to Mason. â€Å"You think that’s a good idea?† I asked him. I sipped the drink, cautiously. As a guardian in training, I felt like I should always be on alert, but tonight I once again felt like being rebellious. The drink tasted like punch. Grapefruit juice. Something sweet, like strawberries. I was still pretty sure there was alcohol in it, but it didn’t appear strong enough for me to lose sleep over. Another waitress soon appeared with a tray of food. I eyed it and recognized almost nothing. There was something that looked vaguely like mushrooms stuffed with cheese, as well as something else that looked little round patties of meat or sausage. As a good carnivore, I reached for one, thinking it couldn’t be that bad. â€Å"It’s foie gras,† said Christian. There was a smile on his face I didn’t like. I eyed him warily. â€Å"What’s that?† â€Å"You don’t know?† His tone was cocky, and for once in his life, he sounded like a true royal touting his elite knowledge over us underlings. He shrugged. â€Å"Take a chance. Find out.† Lissa sighed in exasperation. â€Å"It’s goose liver.† I jerked my hand back. The waitress moved on, and Christian laughed. I glared at him. Meanwhile, Mason was still hung up on my question about whether novices going to battle before graduation was a good idea. â€Å"What else are we doing?† he asked indignantly. â€Å"What are you doing? You run laps with Belikov every morning. What’s that doing for you? For the Moroi?† What was that doing for me? Making my heart race and my mind have indecent thoughts. â€Å"We aren’t ready,† I said instead. â€Å"We’ve only got six more months,† piped in Eddie. Mason nodded his agreement. â€Å"Yeah. How much more can we learn?† â€Å"Plenty,† I said, thinking of how much I’d picked up from my tutoring sessions with Dimitri. I finished my drink. â€Å"Besides, where does it stop? Let’s say they end school six months early, then send us off. What next? They decide to push back further and cut our senior year? Our junior year?† He shrugged. â€Å"I’m not afraid to fight. I could have taken on Strigoi when I was a sophomore.† â€Å"Yeah,† I said dryly. â€Å"Just like you did skiing on that slope.† Mason’s face, already flushed from the heat, turned redder still. I immediately regretted my words, particularly when Christian started laughing. â€Å"Never thought I’d live to see the day when I agreed with you, Rose. But sadly, I do.† The cocktail waitress came by again, and both Christian and I took new drinks. â€Å"The Moroi have got to start helping us defend themselves.† â€Å"With magic?† asked Mia suddenly. It was the first time she’d spoken since we’d got here. Silence met her. I think Mason and Eddie didn’t respond because they knew nothing about fighting with magic. Lissa, Christian, and I did- and were trying very hard to act like we didn’t. There was a funny sort of hope in Mia’s eyes, though, and I could only imagine what she’d gone through today. She’d woken up to learn her mother was dead and then been subjected to hours and hours of political bantering and battle strategies. The fact that she was sitting here at all seeming semi-composed was a miracle. I assumed people who actually liked their mothers would barely be able to function in that situation. When no one else looked like they were going to answer her, I finally said, â€Å"I suppose. But†¦ I don’t know much about that.† I finished the rest of my drink and averted my eyes, hoping someone else would take up the conversation. They didn’t. Mia looked disappointed but said no more when Mason switched back to the Strigoi debate. I took a third drink and sank into the water as far as I reasonably could and still hold the glass. This drink was different. It looked chocolatey and had whipped cream on top. I took a taste and definitely detected the bite of alcohol. Still, I figured the chocolate probably diluted it. When I was ready for a fourth drink, the waitress was nowhere in sight. Mason seemed really, really cute to me all of a sudden. I would have liked a little romantic attention from him, but he was still going on about Strigoi and the logistics of leading a strike in the middle of the day. Mia and Eddie were nodding along with him eagerly, and I got the feeling that if he decided to hunt Strigoi right now, they’d follow. Christian was actually joining the talk, but it was more to play devil’s advocate. Typical. He thought a sort of preemptive strike would require guardians and Moroi, much as Tasha had said. Mason, Mia, and Eddie argued that if the Moroi weren’t up to it, the guardians should take matters into their own hands. I confess, their enthusiasm was kind of contagious. I rather liked the idea of getting the drop on Strigoi. But in the Badica and Drozdov attacks, all of the guardians had been killed. Admittedly the Strigoi had organized into huge groups and had help, but all that told me was that our side needed to be extra careful. His cuteness aside, I didn’t want to listen to Mason talk about his battle skills anymore. I wanted another drink. I stood up and climbed over the edge of the pool. To my astonishment, the world started spinning. I’d had that happen before when I got out of baths or hot tubs too quickly, but when things didn’t right themselves, I realized those drinks might have been stronger than I thought. I also decided a fourth wasn’t such a good idea, but I didn’t want to get back in and let everyone know I was drunk. I headed off toward a side room I’d seen the waitress disappear into. I hoped maybe there was a secret stash of desserts somewhere, chocolate mousse instead of goose liver. As I walked, I paid special attention to the slippery floor, thinking that falling into one of the pools and cracking my skull would definitely cost me coolness points. I was paying so much attention to my feet and trying not to stagger that I walked into someone. To my credit, it’d been his fault; he’d backed into me. â€Å"Hey, watch it,† I said, steadying myself. But he wasn’t paying attention to me. His eyes were on another guy, a guy with a bloody nose. I’d walked right into the middle of a fight. How to cite Frostbite Chapter 13, Essay examples

Mendel Patterns of Inheritance free essay sample

Mendel on Patterns of Inheritance Mendel was the first to see that traits in each person were passed down, not just from the parents, but also from grandparents, great-grandparents, great-great-grandparents, etc. He also figured out that not every person is the same as his or her own parents. Some of these traits can come from other family members that are no longer living. Mendel is the first to also describe these traits as passages through the generations. There are at least three reasons for Mendel’s success; 1) He focused on just a few traits – seven to be exact – instead of many traits as others did; 2) he thoroughly documented and quantified all of his experimental results; and 3) he chose to study these traits in the garden pea, Pisum sativum. With Mendel’s novel, he talks about how traits are passed on by ones parents. That these traits are passed on as a whole and not usually unaltered to the offspring. We will write a custom essay sample on Mendel Patterns of Inheritance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mendel also realized that with the reproduction, each parent would contribute one hereditary factor to his and her offspring. This means that the trait giving to each individual that he or she has one maternally derived factor and one paternally derived factor, thus having one factor from his or her mother and one from his or her father. Some of the advantages that Mendel had when choosing the garden pea to do his experiments on was that of, Mendel as a young boy grew up in the fields of growing foods. He was born to a peasant farmer. Mendel also knew just what would need to be done and how to grow these items as well. He went on to become a priest at the age of twenty-one but still studied things such as plant breeding and wanting to understand more about hereditary. Out of the six major concluding principles that Mendel hypothesized about, I chose to do one, two, and six. With one, it talks about how the hereditary characteristics are passed down from the parents to the children. These basic units of inheritance are known as a gene instead of a trait. These different forms of genes are called alleles, which is how Mendel referred to the traits. With two, it talks about how every individual has two alleles for every gene. These can be either identical or not. If they happen to be identical then it is said to be that the trait is known as homozygous. If it is not identical, than it is that that the traits are heterozygous. With six, it talks about how the independent assortment applies to two or more genes. This is considered to be simultaneously. This states that alleles of one gene are passed to his or her offspring independently of all the other allele’s genes.

Case Studies in Forensics

Causes of Water Pollution and the Present Environmental Solution

Causes of Water Pollution and the Present Environmental Solution Water is a special substance because through its natural form it can replenish and purify itself by allowing impurities to clear up through the process known as sedimentation. It can also dilute the impurities to a position where they contain harmless elements. Conversely, this natural process takes a lot of time, and therefore becomes impossible when there are excessive impurities that have contaminated the water.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Water Pollution and the Present Environmental Solution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human beings contribute greatly towards polluting the water that they use. Prolonged pollution of water has even caused some plants to grow in the water, which pose danger to the living entities that have their inhabitants in the water. This paper shall succinctly explore on causes of water pollution and the present environmental solution towards the ongoing pollution of water. The term pollution can be defined in various ways. Water pollution happens when energy and varying materials are set free, thus debasing the value of water for users. In another perspective, water pollution comprises of all the waste products that the water cannot break down in its natural form. In simpler terms, any substance that is added to water and cannot be broken is referred as Pollution. In certain instances, the root cause of pollution may be through nature itself, for instance, when water runs all the way through soils containing acidic components. Human beings are however, the greater causes of water pollution (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Source of Pollution Water pollution has two major sources: the point and the nons of non-point sources include fertilizers, animal and chemical wastes, wastes from mining factories among others (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Categories of Water Pollution The first category of pollution is based mainly on human and the anima l waste. Such kind of wastes is called the environmental waste. They are capable of producing a source of energy, which enhances growth of bacteria. The source of energy produced (organic compound) is transformed into carbon dioxide and water, which when in large components can lead to atmospheric pollution and acidic rain. The type of pollution that is formed here is widespread and very difficult to control than any other type of pollution. The second category is the type of pollution that results from sewerage treatment. Such water contains components of phosphates and nitrates and these are directly discharged into water. Such pollution is very hazardous to both the human and aquatic life.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heat is the third category of water pollution. When the temperature of water increases, the amount of the oxygen gas that is dissolved in wat er tends to lower. In some instances, such kind of pollution may be said to be natural. Mostly, the industrial equipments and other plants may be cleaned and cooled respectively by use hot springs and shallow ponds, then the used water is discharged into water body without being treated. Consequently, these tend to decrease the aquatic life since the oxygen component is also affected. The fourth and most common source of water pollution is sediment pollution. The organic particles and other minerals from the land are washed and blown into water sources. Such source of pollution is very difficult to identify since it emanates from the non-point sources. The fifth and most widespread source of water pollution is the discharge of chemicals into water, which mainly comes from the industrial wastes. Controlling this source of water pollution has proven difficult since industries are still discharging waste products into water sources; farmers are still using agro-chemicals. The last cate gory is water pollution through radioactive pollutants. These comprise of discharges from production industries, from hospitals and Uranium Mines. Radioactive pollutants are considered hazardous to both human and aquatic life since they take a long period before they become inactive and harmless (Environment Canada). Environmental Solutions to Water pollution Water pollution is an issue that has been present in our midst for ages. It has been there since time immemorial, despite the fact that its relentless has lately struck environmentalists all over the world. Implementation of strict laws concerning the way forward to prevent water pollution have been amended year in year out, but they have always lacked a follow up since they have always fallen on deaf ears. In fact, the problem has become adverse and this has compelled the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) to declare most of the lake, some streams, and even rivers as being dangerous for both swimming and fishing. Therefore, besides implementing ways on how this issue can be prevented, there is also a need to put to a stop this problem. In that connection, the following are some of the present water pollution solutions that we can implement and make this world a better place to be (Environment Canada).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Water Pollution and the Present Environmental Solution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charity Begins at Home Before we start pointing fingers to those we think have greatly contributed towards polluting water, it is advisable to have a look on the inside. Each one of us has contributed in one way or another in polluting the environment. Having done this, therefore, puts us into a better position of implementing some changes within ourselves, which may turn into a revolution: ensuring that the discharge of the wastes from whichever sources is directed towards the right places and they are treate d. Setting up programs to ensure that the septic tanks are periodically cleaned might also be a step ahead that one ought to implement within his or her locality and in this case everyone within the neighborhood should be involved. Above all, kids should also be educated on the importance of saving water, as this is one of the major solutions in saving water. This will help in maintaining the old septic systems. In addition, refraining from using plastic equipments saves life when it comes to water pollution. Plastics are said to be non-biodegradable and therefore when dumped they tend to release chemicals and products that becomes hazardous to life. Amending On Present Laws Amending and making Water protection laws more stringent is the only possible way in fighting with those that cause water pollution. Any person found breaking the laid down rules and regulations concerning preservation of water should be highly penalized. Likewise, it may prove to be the most difficult solution to implement since most of those people involved in polluting the environment are those in power. This will only become efficient and effective to all, if there is a genuine concern for human and aquatic life (Environment Canada) Prevent Deforestation There is a linking point between the causes of environmental pollution. For instance, a forest plays the major part as main source of rainwater and infuses it up. Conversely, due to the extensive expansion of emerging companies and residential premises, that occurs at the costs of forests, and thus resulting into widespread deforestation, the role of the forests comes into a standstill. The resultant is that rainwater flows into streams carrying sediments and other particles into water bodies. The only way to stop this is practicing a forestation (Terra Daily). Stopping Oil Spills For ages, the oil discharged from the industries has affected the marine life. The only possible and best way to evade from this problem is to increase the r ate at which the vessels that carry this oil moves. Government interventions through inspecting the way ships moves, and also provide civic education about the repercussions of such problems (Environment Canada). Conclusion Water is a natural substance that is essential for living things, and requires protection from any pollution. The points discussed in this paper are just few of the possible solutions for water pollution. If we fail to implement water pollution solutions and analyze this major environmental issue, human life and the natural environment may experience difficulties coexisting in the world.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prevention of water pollution is one of the major steps in having a sustainable â€Å"green† environment. Governments need to set up laws that protect the environment from pollutions. Having international laws that are driven to educate and guide people on environmental protection will benefit all things that depend on water. It is therefore important to focus on preserving water sources and ensure that natural resources are used wisely, be it for production or for business services. Bibliography Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Annual Checkup. Sept. 2004. Web. cbc.ca/manitoba/features/lakewinnipeg/checkup.html Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Down on the Farm: Water Laws. Sept. 2004. Web. cbc.ca/manitoba/features/lakewinnipeg/agriculture.html Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. On the Nutrient Trail. Sept. 2004. Web. cbc.ca/manitoba/features/lakewinnipeg/wastewater.html Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Up the Creek. Sept. 2004. Web. cbc.ca/manitoba/features/lakewinnipeg /creek.html City of Saskatoon. Wastewater Treatment Process. 2007. Web. saskatoon.ca/org/water_treatment/wastewater_treatment/ww_process.asp Environment Canada. Clean Water Life depends on. Jul. 2004.Web. ec.gc.ca/water/en/info/pubs/FS/e_FSA3.htm Environment Canada. Quick Facts. 2006. Web. ec.gc.ca/water/en/e_quickfacts.htm Environment Canada. The State of Canada’s Environment – 1996. 1996. Web. ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/english/SOER/1996report/Doc/1-6-4-4-3-2-1.cfm Environment Canada. Water Pollution. 2004. Web. ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/poll/e_poll.htm Terra Daily. Canada Will Not Buy Pollution Rights. Oct. 2006. Web. www.terradaily.com/reports/Canada_Will_Not_Buy_Pollution_Rights_999.html

Does left hander are more intelligent than right hander Essay

Does left hander are more intelligent than right hander - Essay Example I believe this will be an intriguing topic to look into. In his book Chris McManus(2003) who is a psychologist tried to explain some of the myths surrounding left-handed people. He states that even though there are claims that left-handed people can be more creative, there is not enough scientific evidence to support such thesis. Another myth, proclaimed by Geschwind, is that left-handed people are more prone to immune disorders. McManus (2003) processed and studied data taken from 21 000 patients. He concluded based on the research collected that lthere is no evidence to conclusively state that more left-handed people develop or suffer from immune system disorders than right-handed. Another myth is that left-handers have been persecuted. In his book â€Å"The Puzzle of Left Handedness†, Rik Smits (2012) notes that there existed an inexplicable prejudice against left-handed people. Certainly in the past, there was a deeply rooted bias. Right was thought to be good and left was believed to be evil. This can be observed across many cultures. Muslims for example use their right hand to eat with and the left to wash wish. There are also linguistic traces. â€Å"Right-hand man† meaning the most important person standing next to the boss and â€Å"having two left feet† are only handful of expressions, demonstrating this preconception. To debunk the myth that left-handed people are somehow treated harsh in life Smits (2012) looks at some statistical facts that 5 out of the 7 US presidents were left-handed. This clearly indicates that persecutions were no longer applicable for left-handed people in this modern era. Moreover they appear to be as succ essful and powerful as the right-handed. One of the established facts is that left-handed people are less likely to be dominated by the left-hemisphere which is responsible for the language. For example language function is located in the left-hemisphere of the brain, thus people suffering from head

Strategy Formulation & Business Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategy Formulation & Business Decision - Essay Example On the other hand, for evaluating a new growth plan for NH Hotel, market development was selected with the help of Ansoff matrix analysis. The project developed is mainly directed towards enhancing brand equity and revenue streams for the hotel in a new market with huge potential for growth. Thus, Belgrade was selected as the spot for market development. The project has includes thorough financial and revenue analysis along with the analysis of the market which helped in building work schedule of the entire operations. The research has also been directed towards understanding the capability of the organisations in the process of market development process in Belgrade, Serbia. Go and Pine (2008) stated that the development of the operational structure of the business is based on its strategic objectives whereas Schoenecker and Cooper (2010) argued that the organizational culture and structure are influential in designing the functional process of the business. It can be noted that although there exists a debate regarding the influencing factors of the operational functions and work structure of a firm, the researchers agree that work structure of a business is always focused towards the strategic growth of the business. Rhyne (2009) stated that business houses are micro managing their operational structures in order to reduce the influence of the external factors on the business systems. Based on these observations, the report will evaluate the managerial factors related with the operational process of a company. NH Hotel Group is one of the largest hotel chains of the world and is operating mainly in the European, American and African market (NH Hotels, 2015a). The operational base of NH Hotels includes more than 400 hotels functioning within 28 countries all over the world and has a service base of almost 60000 rooms (NH Hotels, 2015c). The unique selling point of the company is primarily framed on excellent service quality.

N Acetylcysteine Quality Control

N Acetylcysteine Quality Control N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S Mr 163.2) is the N-acetyl derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid, l-cysteine. The drug occurs as a white, crystalline powder with a slight acetic odor. N-acetylcysteine is freely soluble in water and in alcohol. N-acetylcysteine is commercially available as aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of the drug. It is used as a mucolytic or as an antidote for paracetamol. The British Pharmacopoeia contains a number of tests for this compound designed to ensure the quality. N-acetylcysteine acts to reduce mucus viscosity by splitting disulfide bonds linking proteins present in the mucus (mucoproteins). Inhaled N-acetylcysteine is indicated for mucolytic (mucus-dissolving) therapy as an adjuvant in respiratory conditions with excessive and/or thick mucus production. Such conditions include emphysema, bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, amyloidosis, pneumonia. It is also used post-operatively, as a diagnostic aid, and in tracheostomy care. It may be considered ineffective in cystic fibrosis (Rossi, 2006). However, a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports that high-dose oral N-acetylcysteine modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis and has the potential to counter the intertwined redox and inflammatory imbalances in CF (Tirouvanziam et al., 2006). Oral N-acetylcysteine may also be used as a mucolytic in less serious cases. N-acetylcysteine also acts to augment glutathione reserves (depleted by toxic paracetamol metabolites) in the body and, together with glutathione to directly bind to toxic metabolites. These actions serve to protect hepatocytes in the liver from toxicity due to paracetamol overdose. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine is indicated for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Oral N-acetylcysteine for this indication is uncommon as it is poorly tolerated owing to the high doses required (due to poor oral bioavailability), unpleasant taste or odour and adverse drug reactions (particularly nausea and vomiting). However, some people have shown an adverse allergy to intravenous N-acetylcysteine which includes extreme breathing difficulty, light-headedness, rashes, severe coughing and sometimes also vomiting. Repeated overdoses will cause the allergic reaction to get worse and worse. N-acetylcysteine is prone to both hydrolysis and oxidation and some of the impurities from these reactions are shown below. Scheme 2 2. Experimental: 2.1. Materials: The materials used in this experiment were N-acetylcysteine powder, disodium edentate solution, 1M sodium hydroxide and mixed phosphate buffer pH 7.0, water, dilute hydrochloric acid, potassium iodine solution, 0.05M iodine, 0.1M sodium hydroxide, starch, phenol red and phenolphthalein as indicators. The apparatus used were optical rotation analyser, conical flasks, 10mL and 50mL pipettes, burette, electronic weigh balance and beakers. 2.2. Methods: a) Specific optical rotation: +21ÃÅ'Ã…   to +27ÃÅ'Ã…   1.25g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed and allowed dissolve in a mixture of 1ml of 10g/L solution of disodium edentate, 7.5ml of 1M sodium hydroxide and sufficient amount of mixed phosphate buffer pH 7.0 to 25ml total volume. Optical rotations of the freshly prepared solution and the old solutions of N-acetylcysteine provided were measured and recorded. b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) 0.14g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a conical flask. 60 ml of water and 10ml dilute hydrochloride acid were measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was left to cool. Another 10ml of potassium iodide solution was added into the cooled solution in the conical flask. The solution was then titrated with 0.05M iodine by using starch as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. c) Assay by titration with 0.1M sodium hydroxide 0.3g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a clean conical flask. Approximately 50 ml of distilled water was measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenol red as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. 0.3g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a clean conical flask. Approximately 50 ml of distilled water was measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed and dissolved in 0.001M hydrochloric acid. The solution was diluted to 50ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid and solution 1 was obtained. Three solutions were prepared for analysis. The first solution consists of 10ml solution 1 diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid, second solution consists of 10ml solution 1 and 1ml of 5ppm zinc standard diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid and the third solution consists of 10ml solution 1 and 2ml of 5ppm zinc standard diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid. The absorbance of each solution was measured at 213.8nm using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absorbance for each solution was tabulated. The zinc content in each sample was calculated using the method of standard addition. e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0%w/w A sample of N-acetylcysteine was dried at 70ÃÅ'Ã…   C in vacuo for 3 hours and the data was recorded and the percentage loss on drying of this sample was calculated. f) Related substances The chromatograms obtained from the HPLC analysis of both fresh solution and old solution of N-acetylcysteine was examined. 3. Results: a) Specific optical rotation: Mass of weighing boat(g) 26.6089 Mass of weighing boat + sample (g) 27.8609 Mass of weighing boat + residue (g) 26.6079 Mass of sample transferred (g) 1.253 Table 1: The mass of N-acetylcysteine used to make a solution for measurement of specific optical rotation. Calculations: According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP 1999; page 40-41), it states that the specific optical rotation is +  21.0 to +  27.0. To obtain the angle of rotation, the equation below is used, Where, [ÃŽÂ ±] = specific optical rotation ÃŽÂ ± = observed angle of rotation C = concentration of active substance in g/100mL of the solution l = length of column in 2dcms For freshly prepared solution: Angle obtained (ÃŽÂ ±): 2.45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° Concentration of N-acetylcysteine (c): 5.012 %w/v Path length = 2 dm Specific optical rotation: = 100 x 2.45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° 2 x 5.012g/ml = +24.5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° For old solution: Angle obtained (ÃŽÂ ±): -3.29à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° Concentration of N-acetylcysteine (c): 5.012 %w/v Path length = 2 dm Specific optical rotation: = 100 x 3.29à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° 2 x 5.012g/ml = -32.9à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8797 3.8777 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.7393 3.7398 Mass of Acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.1404 0.1379 Table 2: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with iodine. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 17.40 26.70 Final volume (mL) 26.40 35.50 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 9.00 8.80 Table 3: The volume of iodine used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and starch as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of iodine used: 0.0476M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and iodine: 2 C5H9NO3S + I2 à   C5H8NO3SSC5H8NO3 + 2HI 2KI à   I2 + 2K+ According to British Pharmacopoeia, 1mL of 0.05M iodine is equivalent to 16.32mg of C5H9NO3S. This means, 2 mole of C5H9NO3S equal to one mole of iodine. Therefore when 1mL of 0.05M iodine = 16.32mg of C5H9NO3S, 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 0.0476M x 16.32mg/ 0.05M = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S First titration: 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S So, 9.00mL of 0.0476M iodine = 9.00mL x 15.54mg/ 1mL = 139.86mg = 0.13986g of C5H9NO3S Second titration: 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S So, 8.80mL of 0.0476M iodine = 8.80mL x 15.54mg/ 1mL = 135.52mg = 0.13552g of C5H9NO3S Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.1404 0.1399 0.1379 0.1355 According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: c) Assay by titration with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide i) Titration by using phenol red indicator Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8916 3.9199 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.5913 3.6198 Mass of N-acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.3003 0.3001 Table 4: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 1.00 1.00 Final volume (mL) 18.15 18.10 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 17.15 17.10 Table 5: The volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and phenol red as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used: 0.1062M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH): C5H9NO3S + NaOH à   C5H8NO3SNa + H2O From the equation, one mole of N-acetylcysteine reacts with one mole of NaOH. So the reaction is a 1:1 ratio. To find out the number of mole of NaOH, the equation below is used: First titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 17.15mL)/1000 = 1.821 x10-3 moles As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.821 x10-3 moles x 163.2 = 0.2972g Second titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 17.10mL)/1000 = 1.816 x10-3 moles As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of Acetylcysteine = 1.816 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.2964g Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.3003 0.2972 0.3001 0.2964 According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: ii) Titration by using Phenolphthalein as the indicator Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8916 3.9195 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.5915 3.6195 Mass of N-acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.3001 0.3000 Table 6: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 18.20 17.10 Final volume (mL) 36.80 36.95 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 18.60 19.85 Table 7: The volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and phenolphthalein as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used: 0.1062M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH): C5H9NO3S + NaOH à   C5H8NO3SNa + H2O From the equation, one mole of a N-acetylcysteine reacts with one mole of NaOH. So the reaction is a 1:1 ratio. To find out the number of mole of NaOH, the equation below is used: First titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 18.60mL)/1000 = 1.975 x10-3 mole As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.975 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.3224g Second titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 19.85mL)/1000 = 2.108 x10-3 mole As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.816 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.3440g Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.3001 0.3224 0.3000 0.3440 Calculation of Percentage of Purity: According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc (Zn): To determine the concentration of Zinc metal present in a standardised sample, atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied. This was done so as to comply with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards, where the detected concentration of Zinc should not be more than 10ppm. Mass of Acetylcysteine sample used: 1.00g This sample was diluted accordingly and then analysed or measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at a set wavelength of 213.8nm. According to the laboratory transcript, the absorbances were given, so the calculation was carried out to determine the concentrations for each solution. Solution Concentration (mg/L) Absorbance (at 213.8nm) (a) 0.00 0.056 (b) 0.25 0.115 (c) 0.50 0.173 Table 8: The absorbance of solution a, b and c using atomic absorbance spectrophotometer. From the table 8 above, a standard additions calibration graph of concentration of zinc in mg/L against absorbance at 213.8nm is plotted. A rather small absorbance indicates that there is a trace or small amount of Zinc (Zn) present in Solution A, which practically contained only the N-acetylcysteine sample. Hence, we can plot a line of best fit and extrapolate to find the concentration of Zn present within our sample. Note that the amount of Zn present is proportional to the absorbance detected at 213.8nm wavelength. Graph 1: The graph of absorbance against concentration of Zinc. Extrapolated value= -0.24 Solution A = 0.24ppm Solution 1 = 0.24 ÃÆ'- 2 = 0.48 ppm Solution 1 0.48g in 100 000 mL = 2.4 ÃÆ'- 10-4g in 50 mL If 1g of N-acetylcysteine contains 2.4 ÃÆ'- 10-4g of zinc ions, 104g of acetylcysteine will contain 2.4g of zinc ions. So concentration of zinc ions in N-acetylcysteine = 2.4ppm Using the calibration graph, we obtained an equation for the line of best fit as shown below: Using the line of best fit we can calculate the concentration of Zinc (Zn) present within Solution 1. This is determined by the difference between the origin (x = 0) and where the line of best fit intercepts the x-axis. To be more accurate, the equation of the line of best fit can be used by assuming the absorbance of N-acetylcysteine at 213.8nm (y-axis) is 0 (y = 0). We can then calculate and find the exact concentration of Zn added (x-axis in mg/L) which gives an absorbance reading of 0.0562 at the wavelength of 213.8 nm. This calculation is shown below where absorbance y = 0. Concentration of Zinc in solution (a) where no Zinc is added:- (Concentration comes in positive value) Therefore, the diluted Solution 1 contains an exact concentration of 0.2402mgL-1 or 0.2402ppm. We can now use this concentration and work backwards from the dilution to obtain the mass of Zn within the 20mL Solution 1, as shown in the calculation below, Mass of Zinc in Solution 1:- From the mass of Zinc present in Solution 1 as calculated, we can say that this equals to the 10mL of N-acetylcysteine sample in Solution (a). This is because Solution 1 was diluted to 20mL using 0.001M hydrochloric acid and contained no other sources of Zinc. Hence, 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g of Zinc in 20mL of Solution 1 is equal to 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g of Zinc in 10mL of Solution (a). Now using this mass of 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g in 10mL of Solution (a) we can find out the total mass of Zinc within 50mL. However, the total mass of Zinc within 50mL of Solution (a) is equivalent to 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine sample which is the original sample mix. Using these data, the mass of Zinc can be calculated as shown in the calculation below, Mass of Zinc in 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine: Hence, 2.4017ÃŽÂ ¼gmL-1 of Zinc is present in 1.00g. We can now calculate an exact concentration of Zinc in parts per million (ppm) as shown in the calculation below, Concentration of Zinc within sample in ppm:- e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0% w/w:- Initial mass of N-acetylcysteine sample (g) 1.0965 Mass after drying under specified conditions (g) 1.0893 f) Related substances 1) Acetylcysteine: fresh sample 8.57mg/mL From British Pharmacopoeia, the retention time for the N-acetylcysteine substances as below. Substance Retention time (min) L- cystine About 2.2 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 acetylcysteine About 6.4 1) Acetylcysteine: fresh sample 8.57mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 1.93 0.5948 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.25 0.0794 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 13.623 0.3944 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 6.972 94.7507 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 238606 0.5948 0.5948 L- cysteine 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 31861 0.0794 0.0794 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine 158211 0.3944 0.3944 Acetylcysteine 38007440 94.7507 94.7507 Total area= 40113072 2) Acetylcysteine: old sample 2.5mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 2.11 0.7214 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.256 0.8946 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 13.415 15.3284 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 6.34 33.7241 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 62935 0.7214 0.7214 L- cysteine 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 78046 0.8946 0.8946 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine 1337263 15.3284 15.3284 Acetylcysteine 2942118 33.7241 33.7241 Total area= 8724087 3) Cysteine/ cystine: 0.5mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 2.018 5.2956 L- cysteine About 2.4 2.323; 2.65 2.3189; 2.384 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.008; 3.207 24.9029; 65.0987 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 87001 5.2956 5.2956 L- cysteine 38097; 39167 2.3189; 2.384 2.3189; 2.384 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 409128; 1069503 24.9029; 65.0987 24.9029; 65.0987 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine Acetylcysteine Total area= 1642895 4. Discussion: a) Specific optical rotation: The specific rotation of a chemical compound [ÃŽÂ ±] is defined as the observed angle of optical rotation ÃŽÂ ± in stereochemistry, when plane-polarized light is passed through a sample with a path length of 1 decimetre (dm) and a sample concentration of 1 gram (g) per 1 millilitre (mL). The specific rotation of a pure material is an intrinsic property of that material at a given wavelength and temperature. The reading should be accompanied by the temperature at which the measurement was performed and the solvent in which the material was dissolved, and this often assumed to be room temperature. The exact unit for specific rotation values is deg dmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1cm3 gà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 or can use degrees (ÃÅ'Ã…  ). Levorotatory rotation (l) means a negative reading obtained and the rotation being to be left. While dextrorotatory rotation (d) means a positive reading and the rotation is being to be right. The specific optical rotation for the freshly prepared solution of N-a cetylcysteine is +24.5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° which it is dextrorotatory rotation and the old solution of N-acetylcysteine is -32.9à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° which means levorotatory rotation. Measurement of optical rotation is a way to assess optical purity of a sample containing a mixture of enantiomers. An enantiomer is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable or not identical much as ones left and right hands are the same but opposite. The specific optical rotation of N-acetylcysteine solution is within the range +21ÃÅ'Ã…   to approximately +27ÃÅ'Ã…  . The freshly prepared of N-acetylcysteine solution is found to be in the range however the old N-acetylcysteine solution is not in the range. This reveals stability alteration occurred in the old N-acetylcysteine solution. The impurities have found in the old N-acetylcysteine solution because the presence of small amount of impurities can affect the rotation of the sample. The actual optical rotation value for freshly prepared N-acetylcysteine solution is measured by single polarimeter because if the sample is very concentrated or it has very large specific rotation or the sample larger than 180 °, single polarimeter cannot be used. The variation of specific rotation with wavelength is the basis of optical rotary dispersion (ORD) which used to elucidate the absolute configuration of certain samples. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used to determined the enantiomeric ratio with a chiral column because the aggregation in the N-acetylcysteine solution cause optical rotation of a sample maybe not linear dependent due to enantiomeric excess. b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) From the result obtained above, the mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with iodine with starch as indicator for first titration is 0.13986g and second titration is 0.13552g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 99.64%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 98.26%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is within the range stated in the BP. BP prefer the iodine titration to a titration using sodium hydroxide because iodine is a very useful oxidising titrant which react with reducing agent ,N-acetylcysteine solution using starch as indicator. Iodine forms an intensely dark blue complex with starch. Starch is an oxidation reduction indicator that shows a reversible colour change between the oxidised and reduced forms. It is not affected by the presence of iodide (I-). Both starch and iodide must be prese nt for the starch to change colour during the titration. Iodine is consumed by thiosulfate in the titration step. The amount of thiosulfate used is proportional to the amount of iodine liberated from the salt. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is more useful in acid- base titration using weak acid or base indicator. c) Assay by titration with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide From the result obtained in this experiment, the mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with0.1M sodium hydroxide with phenol red as indicator for first titration is 0.2972g and second titration is 0.2964g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 98.97%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 98.77%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is within the range stated in the BP. The mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein as indicator for first titration is 0.3224g and second titration is 0.3440g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 107.43%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 114.67%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is out of the range stated in the BP. Phenol red and phenolphthalein are acid-base indicators. The un-dissociated form of the indicator is a different colour than the iogenic form of the indicator. An Indicator does not change colour from pure acid to pure alkaline at specific hydrogen ion concentration, but rather, colour change occurs over a range of hydrogen ion concentrations. This range is termed the colour change interval. It is expressed as a pH range. The pH range for phenol red is 6.8- 8.4 and phenolphthalein is 8.0- 10.0. The selection of indicator will depend on the actual expected pH at the equivalence point which selects an indicator with a pKa right in the middle of the pH change at the equivalence point. N-acetylcysteine solution has pKa 4.0 and 9.5, and a weak acid indicator has to be used to determine the end point of the titration. Phenol red produce a good result compared to the phenolphthalein as indicator when titrate N-acetylcysteine solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide. d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc (Zn): By performing the atomic absorbance technique, we have determined that the N-acetylcysteine sample contained a Zinc concentration of 2.4017ppm. This sample complied with the requirement from the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) monograph standards by not having a Zinc concentration of greater than 10ppm. Atomic absorbance technique can only detect specifically one heavy metal at a time. So, it is very time consuming to detect a wide spectrum of heavy metal impurities within our sample. Plus, the N-acetylcysteine monograph only indicates the need to monitor the level of Zinc present within the sample by atomic absorbance spectrometry. Therefore, to detect other heavy metals we would prefer to use the more generic Limit Test C for Heavy Metals as specified in the British Pharmacopoeia (2008), Volume IV, and Appendix VII. e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0% w/w:- According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), it states that there should be no more than 1.0% in mass. This sample is complied with the BP monograph standards with a loss of only 0.66% in mass. f) Related substances:- HPLC is used in pharmaceutical analysis to quantitative determinations of drugs in formulations. These analyses do not require long time to optimising mobile phase and selecting columns and detectors. Some formulations contain more than one active ingredient and may present more of an analytical challenge since the different ingredients may have quite different chemical properties and elute at very different times from HPLC column. 5. Conclusions: Quality control is an essential operation of the pharmaceutical industry. Drugs must be marketed as safe and therapeutically active formulations whose performance is consistent and predictable. A bundle of sophisticated analytical methods are being developed for the drugs evaluation in pharmaceutical industry. Requirements governing the quality control of pharmaceuticals in accordance with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) or European Pharmacopoeia. Titration is a procedure used in chemistry in order to determine the molarity of an acid or a base. A chemical reaction is set up between a known volume of

All Children Can Learn and Most at High Levels

One of the founding principles of the Kentucky Education Reform Act is the statement that â€Å"All children can learn and most at high levels. † With many states having a significant achievement gap between diverse students, it is becoming more important to hold high expectations for all students. I believe that all children can learn and most at high levels. But my point is that not all the children can learn at high levels in the same field. As we know the student is the subject of education. Education aims to develope students' learning potential. But children from different environments have differences in their physiology, intelligence, ability, aptitude, interest, personality traits and emotional development. Therefore some children may gain a great success in music while some others may in math. If we can educate them according to their personalities and individual needs, most children can learn at high levels. American educator John Dewey (John Dewey ,1859-1952) has pointed out that there are plasticity and dependency in the process of one’s growth. This means that the development of a child has unlimited possibilities. The ancient Chinese educator, the Confucius put forward the idea that â€Å"No Child Left Behind† and † Teach students in accordance with their aptitude. † This can be regarded as the practice of the concept that â€Å"every child can learn and most at high levels†. Therefore, whether ancient or modern, Western or Eastern, educators all hold the same concept. We want children to be able to learn and success, the key is the teacher. A professional, high-quality and enthusiastic teacher will be a good fortune to the children. This is why personal development is a necessity to teachers. During these years of teaching I met a lot of challenges to confirm the special needs of children and develope their learning confidence. I always try my best to help each child and encourage them. To teach a student well needs the effort of all parties including parents, teachers and communities. As a home class teacher, I combine all the parties well to improve students' learning capacities and help them to form clear awareness of themselves. If the children in my class can tap all of their potentials, that will be a great success to me as a teacher. Nowadays, the competition is very fierce. Teachers have the obligation to educate their students to be more competitive in certain area in the society. We don’t have the right to give up any of the children. Today, we have to give up the child. Tomorrow, the child may give up the society. Society will pay a higher price.

Changing a Five Day School Week to a Four Day School Week Essay

Changing a five day week to a five day week to a four day week (For schools) Why is our traditional five day week changing to a four day week? Any reason? A four day week would result in extra hours of work, interference with family schedules and much more. In any case what’s the problem with the five day school week? The customary five day school week should stay without any alterations. There are many reasons that support the understanding of having a five day school week instead of changing it into a four day school week. Firstly, people are already used to the five day week and might have to put some changes to their regular habits. Secondly, parents at work would have a very hard time to find a person to take care of their child (babysitter); this would be a big problem for families with no money. In the third reason I speak about the kids interest areas. It would be a loss of time of their practice of their extra-curricular activities that they really enjoy from their choice classes. There are many reasons that support the understanding of having a five day school week instead of changing it to a five day school week. People are already used to the five day school week since centuries and there have not been a lot of problems with the system, so why change it right now? The four day week would make a big difference (bad changes) in their sleeping and eating habits(Proved out by the Canadian center for occupational health). Parents at work would also have a hard time finding a babysitter. They would have a hard time leaving their children alone at home. This would be a big problem for children and families who are poor and cannot afford a person to take care of their children during work. Everyone knows that education for children has an impact on the future of this country. Our education/ learning system has been going on pretty good or let’s just say progressing every day and taking a brake would obviously low the percentage down of getting all these things we hope for. Lots of high schools, middle schools and elementary schools have game time/P.  E which makes children active at least for sixty min. a day. Less activity time can lead to unhealthy diseases such as obesity. Many activities such as orchestra, robotics and arts are chosen by the child with their own interest. If a parent cannot afford a class (outside school) it would be hard for them to enjoy the lost time of the choice class they chose. Now I would like to add on more to my first reason of having a five day week instead of changing it to a four day week. All of us have been using the ive day week for centuries then why change it now? The four day week might bring a sudden change in sleep habits which in turn may cause drowsiness, laziness and other factors during working hours. The four day week might also bring sudden changes in eating habits from more regular parties and unhealthy food.. When you have another weekend, many people oversleep. You might also develop certain health problems from oversleeping on an extra holiday such as diabetes, heart diseases, stress, anxiety, apnea and many more. Another day of a holiday means more partying, and mainly eating more unhealthy food. Problems that you might develop from eating unhealthy food are: Obesity, Diabetes, bulimia, binge eating and many more. There are people out there fighting for a four day week. Let see a few of the other side’s arguments. Some say that having a four day week might help save gas money for the district. However school buses are used on weekends as a public transportation even more which in turn might get the gas costs higher instead of saving a whole bunch of money. Parents also say that children would have extra free time if allowed an extra weekend. But guess what? 70% of all kids in America would prefer to have school instead of an extra weekend. School is a place where you could interact with old friends and make new friends! Fun activities compiled with learning. What would be a better option? In conclusion I would want the school board to consider the decision of having a five day school week because of multiple reasons I told during my essay. Such as people are already used to the five day school week, poor parents and normal parents might have a hard time at work worrying about their children at work and having a babysitter, less education for the future, less activity time, less extra-curricular time and having less face-to-face time with the teacher. Therefore as a call to action I would go to the school board/superintendent and reject all proposals of having a four day week because of these several reasons. I would also write a petition/proposal regarding to keep the 5 day school week the same. This petition would include other parents signatures who agree with me.

Hate Crimes on the Rise in USA - 780 Words

Hate Crimes in the United States In many cities throughout the United States, hate crimes are on the rise. A hate crime is a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias. For the purposes of collecting statistics, Congress has defined a hate crime as a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offenders bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation (FBI, 2012). Hate crimes have increased as the national conversation has grown less tolerant. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that hate crimes against Latinos, Muslims, and homosexuals have seemingly increased in recent years. However, whether hate crimes are actually on the rise is something that is debated; the upswing in reported hate crimes may be due to an actual increase in crime rates, but it could also be due to an increase in reporting. There is no single person that commits hate crimes; they can be committed by a person of any race, sexual orientation, or cultural background. However, there is a typical individual who commits a hate crime, and those individuals come from majority groups. However, Of the 6,934 identified hate crime offenders, the majority were white (4,317, or 62.3%); 1,286 (18.5%) were black, 61 (0.9%) were American Indian or Alaskan Native, 93 (1.3%) were Asian or Pacific Islander, 741 (10.7%) were of unknown race, and the remaining 436 (6.3%) were of other races or multipleShow MoreRelatedIslam And Muslim Will Be Used Interchangeably857 Words   |  4 Pagescorrelations between American anti-Muslim hate crimes and global terrorist attacks. The thought was that because so many places were being attacked, American people would be more scared of Muslim peoples and commit more hate crimes. 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